Numerical investigation of the direct water injection effect on hydrogen enrichment dual-fuel heavy-duty reactivity-controlled compression ignition engine
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, vol.2026, no.9, pp.1-14, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Publication Type: Article / Article
- Volume: 2026 Issue: 9
- Publication Date: 2026
- Journal Name: Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry
- Journal Indexes: Academic Search Ultimate (EBSCO), Engineering Source (EBSCO), Scopus, Materials Science & Engineering Collection (ProQuest), Technology Collection (ProQuest), Aerospace Database, Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Chemical Abstracts Core, Chimica, Compendex, Index Islamicus, INSPEC
- Page Numbers: pp.1-14
- İstanbul Ticaret University Affiliated: Yes
Abstract
The motivation for the present research stems from the pressing need for cleaner, more efficient energy systems in heavy-duty engines. A naturally aspirated single-cylinder diesel engine configuration is operated at an engine speed of 910 rpm and a 4.05 bar load condition in dual-fuel mode. The study was performed using ANSYS Forte, a 3D computational software to measure the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of a heavy-duty engine. In the present study, along with natural gas, hydrogen gas was introduced through port injection in a range of 0–45% based on the constant energy principle, whereas diesel was directly injected into the combustion chamber at 10° bTDC. The results reveal that hydrogen enrichment enhanced ITE (indicated thermal efficiency) by up to 23.85% and reduced ISFC (indicated specific fuel consumption) by 43.87%, while nearly eliminating soot and substantially lowering CO and UHC emissions. However, NOx emissions significantly increased compared to the base fuel with 45% H2 share. To address this, direct water injection was implemented at a range of 5–20% of total fuel mass for 45% hydrogen share. The optimal water injection ratios were 10–15%, which achieved simultaneous reductions in NOx and soot with a moderate penalty in ITE. NOx reduced by18.46–21.24%, whereas soot by 7.41–62.96%, relative to 45% H2 fuel blend. These results demonstrate the simultaneous reduction of NOx and soot emissions in dual-fuel diesel engines and provide a viable pathway towards cleaner transportation.
The motivation for the present research stems from the pressing need for cleaner, more efficient energy systems in heavy-duty engines. A naturally aspirated single-cylinder diesel engine configuration is operated at an engine speed of 910 rpm and a 4.05 bar load condition in dual-fuel mode. The study was performed using ANSYS Forte, a 3D computational software to measure the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of a heavy-duty engine. In the present study, along with natural gas, hydrogen gas was introduced through port injection in a range of 0–45% based on the constant energy principle, whereas diesel was directly injected into the combustion chamber at 10° bTDC. The results reveal that hydrogen enrichment enhanced ITE (indicated thermal efficiency) by up to 23.85% and reduced ISFC (indicated specific fuel consumption) by 43.87%, while nearly eliminating soot and substantially lowering CO and UHC emissions. However, NOx emissions significantly increased compared to the base fuel with 45% H2 share. To address this, direct water injection was implemented at a range of 5–20% of total fuel mass for 45% hydrogen share. The optimal water injection ratios were 10–15%, which achieved simultaneous reductions in NOx and soot with a moderate penalty in ITE. NOx reduced by18.46–21.24%, whereas soot by 7.41–62.96%, relative to 45% H2 fuel blend. These results demonstrate the simultaneous reduction of NOx and soot emissions in dual-fuel diesel engines and provide a viable pathway towards cleaner transportation.